However, intra-tracheal instillation of very high doses of toner powder produced significantly increased lung tumor rates in rats. Animal studies found toners to be toxicologically inert and non carcinogenic. Studies in cell lines reported that individual toners are genotoxic. The effects of toner exposure have been extensively studied in cell culture, animal models and operators in toner manufacturing units and delineate contradictory results. Photocopier toners are chief components of photocopier emissions. However, others suggested current exposure levels in photocopier centres may be sufficiently safe in well controlled work environments. A number of authors have reported elevated DNA damage among operators in photocopier centers.
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Several studies have associated chronic exposure to emissions from photocopiers in occupational settings with symptoms like breathlessness, non-allergic rhinitis, sore throat, cough, asthma, pseudo allergic inflammation of the respiratory tract, upper respiratory tract infections, skin and eye irritations, headache, sick building syndrome, siderosilicosis, granulomotous pneumonitis and sarcoidosis. Till this date, health studies on occupational exposure to emissions from photocopiers are inconclusive and not comprehensive. During operation, photocopiers emit toner particles, toxic gases namely ozone, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, radiation, particulate matter, paper particles, nano particles and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Consequently, the number of people operating photocopiers around the world may run into millions.ĭespite the advantages and commercial benefits of photocopiers, they are also sources of air pollution. The changing landscape of technology also fuels the printing machinery and supplies industry with new products, innovation and dynamic media giving the market a significant boost. The market is driven by demand for digital colour presses, specialty printers and inkjet printers.
In the last two years alone, more than 250 million photocopiers have been sold all over the world. The world printing machinery and supplies industry is expected to exceed $21 billion by 2015. Photocopiers are considered as essential amenities at offices and business establishments.
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